{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "kind": "drug_profile",
  "generic": "ciprofloxacin",
  "review_status": "reviewed",
  "origin": "openfda",
  "sections": {
    "adult": [
      {
        "text": "No adult dose in this label - read the full label before dosing.",
        "source": "Read and found silent: the US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": false
      }
    ],
    "child": [
      {
        "text": "Although effective in clinical trials, Ciprofloxacin is not a drug of first choice in the pediatric population due to an increased incidence of adverse reactions compared to controls. Quinolones, including Ciprofloxacin, cause arthropathy in juvenile animals [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12 ) and Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.2 )] .",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'pediatric use', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "renal": [
      {
        "text": "These alternative pathways of drug elimination appear to compensate for the reduced renal excretion in patients with renal impairment.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Dosage guidelines for use in patients with renal impairment are shown in Table 4 .",
        "source": "This line points to a numbered table that this card does not show - read that table in the label before you dose. US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "In patients with severe infections and severe renal impairment, a unit dose of 750 mg may be administered at the intervals noted above.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'dosage and administration', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "hepatic": [
      {
        "text": "Nonetheless, some modification of dosage is recommended, particularly for patients with severe renal dysfunction [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. 8.7 Hepatic Impairment In preliminary studies in patients with stable chronic liver cirrhosis, no significant changes in ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been observed.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'use in specific populations', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "The pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute hepatic insufficiency, have not been studied.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'use in specific populations', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "pregnancy": [
      {
        "text": "Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Ciprofloxacin should not be used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to both fetus and mother.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy by TERIS–the Teratogen Information System–concluded that therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk (quantity and quality of data=fair), but the data are insufficient to state that there is no risk.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'pregnancy', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ],
    "lactation": [
      {
        "text": "Ciprofloxacin is excreted in human milk.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'nursing mothers', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "The amount of ciprofloxacin absorbed by the nursing infant is unknown.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'nursing mothers', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      },
      {
        "text": "Because of the potential risk of serious adverse reactions (including articular damage) in infants nursing from mothers taking Ciprofloxacin, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.",
        "source": "US FDA label for ciprofloxacin (Ciprofloxacin), section 'nursing mothers', retrieved 2026-08-29",
        "cached_file": "labels/ciprofloxacin.json",
        "verbatim": true
      }
    ]
  },
  "verdicts": {
    "pregnancy": {
      "level": "avoid",
      "line": "The label says not to use it. Read the quote below before deciding.",
      "set_by": "Set from the label's own words, not from a reading of them: 'should not be used during pregnan'."
    }
  }
}